A Response to Macbeth and the Rituals of Tragedy Free Essays

In both Macbeth and Romeo ND Juliet, the downfall of the namesake heroes is preface in the early pieces of the play. In Romeo and Juliet, the crowd Is made mindful that the two will bite the dust by the theme In the introduction †the relationship Is known as a â€Å"death-stamped love† †1 and this Is done comparably In Macbeth with a clearly saying he would be vanquished in specific situations †the spirit states, â€Å"Macbeth will never vanquished be until Great Birdman Wood to high Adenosine Hill Shall come against him†. The shocking sort convolutes the custom of death by spreading out an apparent way of accomplishment for he heroes †e. We will compose a custom exposition test on A Response to Macbeth and the Rituals of Tragedy or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now G. Romeo and Juliet to get hitched, and Macbeth to remain ruler †which at long last prompts their passing and along these lines gives an introduction to death. The disaster class likewise confuses the space of death because of the idea of the plays †the idea of the plays are so to engage and this is done through instruments, for example, incongruity and mysteries that muddle the space of death, in addition to other things. The spaces where the heroes kick the bucket have critical pertinence to their improvement as characters all through the play. The key trait of a Shakespearian catastrophe Is demise. Combined with the differentiating story line to the comedies †comedies have a rising story line, typically finishing off with marriage, while disasters have a sliding story line, generally finishing off with death †it (passing) is the key segment that separates the two. The terrible type confounds this custom through its center actuality being a kind of stage execution †which by definition, exists to engage crowds. This paper receives the view that also as Shakespearian comedies arrive at their crescendo through a marriage, that disasters arrive at their crescendo through the passing of the/a principle hereafter(s). Along these lines, similarly as comedies base on two darlings attempting their most extreme to get hitched †In a Midsummer Night’s Dream Lessened and Hermit fled Athens so as to get hitched †disasters revolve around a hero (or heroes) who make a decent attempt to achieve what will never be theirs †Macbeth attempting to remain lord of Scotland and Romeo and Juliet to get hitched. In this manner, this plot advancement used by Shakespeare must utilize passing from multiple points of view as is possible all together Macbeth to kick the bucket of a coronary episode in the third demonstration. With respect to death being such a vital piece of catastrophes, A. C. Bradley commented, â€Å"It is astounding that practically all the scenes which without a moment's delay repeat to memory occur either around evening time or in some dim spot†. 3 The intricacy of death in Macbeth is along these lines two-overlay. Passing is developed to be something dim all through the play, a threatening mystery. Anyway Machete’s passing brings expectation and light, along these lines differentiating the obscurity. This is apparent after he is murdered when Macadam shouts, â€Å"Behold where stands the usurper’s reviled head. The time is free†. 4 This ensnares passing as well as the play all in all. Past passings in the play, for example, that of King Duncan and Banquet, were accomplished for reasons of self-increase and self-conservation separately in the interest of Macbeth. Anyway Machete’s passing was accomplished for the improvement of the realm of Scotland. This confuses the custom of death with regards to the play by furnishing it with another measurement. As Bradley commented, the play as a rule is dim and the passings going before Machete’s were dim, by temperance of the as of now referenced explanations for them. This makes a custom †a progression of activities or kind of conduct normally and perpetually followed †5 of death for the play and subsequently the murdering of Macbeth, which has been set up as not being dim as it guided out his domineering standard, muddles that custom. This entanglement identifies with the point brought up in section two, whereby it tends to be seen that the inconvenience itself exists for the improvement of the play as an exhibition. For instance, Macbeth may have been killed by his significant other with the goal that she may pick up power, rather than by Macadam to reestablish request. This complexity of the custom of death is additionally clear in Romeo and Juliet whereby he passings preceding Romeo and Gullet’s come because of the quarrel between the Montague and the Capsules. Romeo and Gullet’s passing doesn't come out of that quarrel however out of affection for one another. This was likewise the situation in Macbeth, as his passing came not out of self-addition or self-protection, yet due to legitimate need for the realm of Scotland. Their passing (Romeo and Juliet) at last stops the competition between the two families, as Machete’s demise halted the war and his standard. In the two occasions, we see the last passing in a differentiating light to going before passings, with a similarly differentiating impact. Normally, the job of Shakespeare as the creator is critical as the heroes themselves molded their demises in both Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth. In addition to the fact that they created the allegorical space which took into consideration them to pass on, yet additionally the strict space where they kicked the bucket was of their own creation. Shakespearean job in this could be more straightforward than it at first shows up. It draws significantly from the setting of the period and place, when and where his plays were initially performed. Romeo and Juliet was first stages at the Theatre’, which was in a region depicted as being, â€Å"less item to London Jurisdictions†, 6 and this hence took into account Shakespearean innovativeness to bloom †Shakespeare later moved to the Globe, in a zone portrayed as a â€Å"fairly rebellious environment†. Shakespeare organizing his plays from the look of exertion and this has been converted into the awful type. In Macbeth, Macbeth appears to go progressively farther of his domain of what is satisfactory and what isn't and his activities seem Juxtaposed to his character †this is obvious in his inward battle to execute King Duncan, â€Å"We will continue no further around here/He hath secured me of late†. 8 One could see this as Macbeth leaving the Ju risdiction of his previous self into one that is more, for need of a superior word, fiendish. One sees Macbeth getting progressively untamed and does things paying little mind to power †the way that he is above all else doesn't imply that he ought not regard different structures authority. In such manner, Macbeth †just as Romeo and Juliet, who do so more straightforwardly †makes his own space of death, differentiating to the passings going before his own e. G. Ruler Duncan was killed in his bed. Differentiating this, Macbeth effectively makes nature he ends up in when he loses his life by excellence of needing to remain lord. This is likewise found in Romeo and Juliet whereby the adoration for both primary characters sees them eagerly decide to meet in the Capsule burial place, which has importance as two young people from the two families lost their lives rashly in a spot in presence so as to recollect the dead †the passing of Romeo and Juliet be that as it may, is something the two families would prefer to overlook (and this at last observes the fight reach a conclusion). This convolutes the space of death, for we are persuade n the two plays that passing doesn't have a set space. Anyway in the two plays, Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet set their space voluntarily. These occasions are when Macbeth, alongside his better half, chooses to slaughter King Duncan and when Romeo and Juliet choose to flee. Taking everything into account, it very well may be seen from the focuses raised that the custom of death is muddled through Shakespearean addition of the last, maybe most significant demise toward the finish of his disasters. This last demise is differentiated to the passings that go before it through elements, for example, rationale, repercussions and space. The issue of room and its intricacy draws its underlying foundations from the real arranging of Shakespearean plays on the edges of London, where the law had less impact. Non-literal examinations can be drawn from this as one could relate Shakespearean eagerness to be away from or exempt from the laws that apply to everyone else to the heroes in the two plays. What is entirely apparent however, is that also with death, the idea of room doesn't stay consistent all through the play. Macbeth, who can be viewed as the bogus ruler, being executed in the manor though King Duncan, the valid and unique lord, being slaughtered in he bed of another man raises the issue of room and how Macbeth made his own and King Duncan didn't. The most effective method to refer to A Response to Macbeth and the Rituals of Tragedy, Papers

2017 2018 Full Review of Every SAT Test Date

2017 2018 Full Review of Every SAT Test Date SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Choosing when to take the SAT can be unpleasant on the grounds that the best test dates aren't the equivalent for everybody. Levels of planning, objective scores, and other scholastic clashes should all be considered in concocting the most sensible testing plan for every understudy. Coming up next is a full portrayal of the upsides and downsides of each SAT test date in the 2017-2018 school year for sophomores, youngsters, and seniors. You can go through this manual for accompany an approach that works for you! 2017 Test Dates These fall dates are generally best for youngsters stepping through the exam just because or seniors attempting to improve those last not many focuses to arrive at their objective. August 26, 2017 Sophomores This is likely too soon for approaching sophomores to begin taking the SAT. You in all probability won't have taken in the entirety of the ideas that are being tried. Also, you likely won't comprehend what your school objectives are yet. It's smarter to hold off until you have a more clear thought of what schools you are focusing on and along these lines what scores you are focusing on. Be that as it may, this is an incredible time to begin getting ready for the test. Junior This is a decent first test date for youngsters. You will know practically all the ideas that are tried and you will have the opportunity to prepare over the late spring. Furthermore, you'll have a lot of potential dates to retake the test later on the off chance that you need to improve your score. Seniors In case you're planning to retake the test one final time before application season gets going all out during your senior fall, this is a strong test date decision. You will likewise have the option to give time in the mid year to concentrating so you can truly improve your scores.This is additionally a decent decision on the off chance that you haven't stepped through the examination at all since, at that point you will have the opportunity to study and retake in November or even December in the event that you have to. October 7, 2017 Sophomores Sophomore fall is too soon for most understudies to start taking the SAT since you might not have taken in all the ideas that are tested.You can don't hesitate to start planning now by doing rehearse questions or getting survey books, yet you should hold off on stepping through the exam for realuntil you know precisely what you’re managing and what your score objectives are.Most sophomores haven’t yet started their school search, and knowing where you plan on applying is significant in making certain about an objective score. Youngsters This is a decent date for youngsters to take the SAT just because. You will have learned essentially all the ideas that are tried. In addition, You'llhave a lot of time after you recover your scores to read for test dates not long from now if you’re still unsatisfied with your exhibition. Seniors In the event that you need one final took shots at the SAT in the wake of getting ready over the late spring, this is a decent date to take it in the event that you can't make the August 26 date.It’s before you’re excessively worried about school applications, and if you’re applying early choice you’ll still have a lot of time to send universities refreshed score reports. QAS is offered on this test date! QAS is short for Question-and-Answer Service, which is a completeguide to your scores that will assist you with assessing them in more detail. It tends to be extremely valuable in getting ready for future retakes since you'll have the option to see all the first inquiries, their trouble levels, their sorts, and which you addressed accurately and inaccurately. This can disclose to you a great deal about the idea of your errors and how you may have the option to keep away from them going ahead. QAS is offered for the October, MARCH, and May test dates. For different dates, you'll have the option to arrange the SAS, or Student Answer Service, which is a less complete variant of the QAS. PSAT Test Date: October , 2017 It's imperative to remember this date in case you're a sophomore or junior and plan to take the PSAT in anticipation of the genuine test. You may move your test-taking calendar forward or in reverse to oblige the PSAT in case you're stressed over getting testing weakness. Spending too many end of the week mornings filling in little circles in new homerooms could cause anybody to go insane. November 4, 2017 Sophomores I’d state this is too early to accept the test as a sophomore except if you’re amazingly well-prepared.It’s intense to comprehend what your score objectives are now since you presumably haven’t began genuinely taking a gander at colleges.If you’re worried about the SAT effectively, simply take a training test or the PSAT to improve thought of what you’re expected to know and the amount you have to get ready before you take it just because (in a perfect world junior fall). Youngsters This is another strong date for youngsters to step through the examination for the first time.If you miss the October date, it’s a quite decent choice except if you're taking the PSAT in late October and are stressed over getting overpowered with a lot of state administered testing without a moment's delay. On the off chance that you take the SAT in November, you’ll still have a really strong cushion between recovering your scores and the test dates in spring 2018. Seniors This is the most recent date for seniors who are applying to school early choice to take the SAT.Most schools despite everything permit scores from the November test date to be submitted alongside early choice applications despite the fact that the cutoff time has actually passed, however check the strategies at your picked universities before pursuing this test date.If you’re applying ordinary choice this is a fair test date for you, in spite of the fact that you may be occupied with getting ready different parts of your application.In general, I’d focus on August or October. December 2, 2017 Sophomores This is, once more, somewhat early, yet there’s nothing amiss with taking the SAT right now on the off chance that you feel positive about your abilities.Don't worry yourself a lot about the SAT at this point, though.If you’re inquisitive about where you stand score-wise, I’d recommend simply taking a coordinated practice test so you can perceive what you have to take a shot at before you endeavor the genuine test just because. Youngsters This may be an intense time to take the SAT in the event that you have large mid-year tests coming up or are occupied by the holidays.Still, in the event that you didn’t get an opportunity to take it prior in the fall, this could be an OK option.It’s a long time before the test dates in pre-summer and summer, so you’ll have the opportunity to take a gander at your scores and study usefully before a potential retake in May, June, or August. Seniors For certain schools, this is the last date that you can take the SAT and still present your scores with a normal choice application.If you accepting the SAT in October as a senior and still are not content with your scores, this may be your last opportunity to retake.Don’t center around improving marginally on the SAT over finishing the remainder of your application, however on the off chance that you wantone last possibility this date is your most logical option. Make the most awesome season much more so by taking the SAT! Would you be able to state solace and delight 2018 Test Dates Spring and summer dates will be past the point of no return for most seniors, yet they are perfect for youngsters and aggressive sophomores. Walk 10, 2018 Sophomores This is the most punctual I would recommend accepting the SAT as a sophomore. A few ideas that surface on the SAT are commonly shown sophomore year.It’s best to hold up until you’re more than part of the way during that time so you’ll comprehend what you’re doing on a large portion of the inquiries regardless of whether you haven’t arranged much.If you step through the exam on this date your sophomore year, you’ll have a strong five months to survey your scores and study for up and coming junior year test dates. Youngsters This is really a quite decent time to accept the test as a lesser on the grounds that it won't struggle with most mid-year tests and finals.You’ll additionally have sufficient opportunity to audit your scores from fall test dates and make significant progress.You will get back your scores far ahead of time of senior year, and you can even retake the SAT in May, June, or even August if you’re wanting to wrap up state sanctioned testing this year. Seniors It’s past the point of no return by this point for seniors who applied to school this year to take the SAT.Make sure you get in your last possibilities prior in the year if you’re still not happy with your scores. QAS is offered on this test date! May 5, 2018 Sophomores In the event that you need to begin early and feel you are up to speed on the entirety of the points secured by the SAT, this could be a decent date for you to step through the exam for the first time.You’ll get back your outcomes in June and have the option to utilize them to get ready for your first retake in August or in junior fall.At this rate, you could get done with state administered tests before you even beginning rounding out school applications. Youngsters This is a decent time to accept the SAT as a lesser in light of the fact that it will presumably occur before your finals, and you’ll recover your scores directly toward the start of the summer.You’ll have the entire summer to survey your outcomes and keep contemplating if necessary.The just issue with this date is that it may struggle with AP tests.If you’re in AP classes and are concerned that you’ll be overpowered, I’d propose taking the SAT in March, June, or August instead.Ideally, this will be your subsequent time taking the SAT after your first endeavor junior fall. QAS is offered on this test date! June 2, 2018 Sophomores Like the May test date, this may be a sensible alternative for sophomores who feel arranged and are wanting to utilize this as a bouncing off point for a retake junior fall.The primary issue is that as a sophomore you’re bound to take less AP classes and progressively normal classes that have finals that contention with this test date.If you plan on stepping through the exam sophomore spring, I’d recommend May over June. On the off chance that the two dates struggle, yo

Unit 2 assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 2 task 1 - Essay Example To satisfy the reason for this investigation, the specialist structured three inquiries to be replied over the span of the examination. The subjective information assortment techniques utilized for this investigation included open-finished inquiries. This is a proper strategy for this investigation in that it open-finished inquiries permitted the respondents to verbalize their convictions and experiences uninhibitedly. What's more, in light of the fact that there was no requirement for control of any social occasions, a contextual analysis technique was fitting. Along these lines, semi-organized meetings and member perceptions were very suitable for this investigation. The issue being referred to included specialists and the exploration needed to disentangle why they shared or didn't share information. Along these lines, through talking the laborers that the scientist got the chance to comprehend why they would decide to share or not share knowledge.This look into configuration is ve ry reliable with the strategies picked for this examination. Other extra information that the creator would have said about the information assortment techniques is the way he figured out how to dodge inclination. Utilization of semi-organized meetings permits the researcher’s respondents to give numerous realities and assessments, as they needed. This can make an analyst stray from the principle reason for the investigation. The information required for this examination could have been gathered contrastingly utilizing organized inquiries. Such a meeting comprises of verbally regulated polls where arrangements of foreordained inquiries are posed with almost no variety. This strategy is acceptable in light of the fact that it expends less time and assets. Moreover, the way that there is no variety in the inquiries makes the procedure less predisposition (Gill et al., 2008). Be that as it may, despite the fact that the technique is modest and simple to manage, they permit a restricted member reaction and in this way not reasonable for pro fundity interest. The doctoral examination has a very much explored foundation in that the creators has inquired about well for this theme. The creator has utilized

Lifetime Risk of Cancer - Free Essay Example

Introduction: The lifetime cancer risk is forty-four percent in men and thirty-eight percent in women, with an increase to those percentages if you are sixty-five and older(Browner,2017). There are different types of preventative measures to help reduce diseases in elders, but with cancer being the second most common cause of death in elders across the United States there are only so many measures you can take. Cancer can be more difficult in treating among older adults because they are likely to have other conditions as well(cancer.net, 2018). Also, with the populations life expectancy increasing there is more of a chance for an elder to develop cancer cells. Recently there has been a twenty-six percent increase in developing cancer for people ages sixty-five and older and death is sixteen times greater in patients of the age sixty-five and older(Berger,2006). But, the reason for increasing life expectancy is because of the medical advances for all ages, which is helping the age of people to live longer. There are multiple centers and organizations available for elderly cancer patients around the United States and in Northwest Arkansas that have programs that help with support and possible financial assistance. Problem Statement: Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the elder population. Although, when people hear the word cancer, they start to think that it is a terminal condition, now people are beginning to live longer with the illness. But, usually eighty percent of elder live at least five years with the condition. Again, the prevalence of cancer rates is on the rise for the elderly population, and if they have another outstanding condition or disease then that could make treating and even preventing cancer from growing or spreading harder than just having the cancer condition alone. Also, with elderly people being more sensitive to most treatments and medication, it makes treating the cells hard to manage. But, with improvements to treatments and screenings makes catching it in a lower stage an easier process. Gender and racial differences can play a role in the different types of cancer(Hooyman,2015, pg.80), and also how severe the condition can have an effect on the patient. For an example, women are more likely to contract breast cancer, but it is also possible for males to have breast cancer cells, but it may take a while to detect because having testing done for breast cancer cells is not the first thing you think to have screened if you are a male. Current solutions: For chronic illnesses and diseases, many healthcare providers ask for chronic management instead of a cure for the condition(Hooyman,2015, pg.13). Although finding a cure is needed, finding a way to manage it could be helpful for elders. It may be more helpful to stabilize the condition rather than try to treat it if the elder individuals body is not accepting or having negative side effects with the treatment. Having a better quality of life, like physical, emotional, and even social aspects, can help you either cope with already having the condition or help with developing cancer. Having physical comfort like your living situation, having positive relationships, eating nutritious foods, and being able to care for yourself especially if you live unaccompanied could help with your quality of life(cancer.net, 2018). As always, screening and getting test regularly is always key to catching it before or early on in the stages. Although there are always barriers and benefits to screening , barriers being the screening do not have standard guidelines, could have limited data, or could not detect disease, being a false negative. Other barriers to diagnosis and treatment could be, if there is a cost or limited to no transportation available for screening then diagnosing and treatment for the condition is impossible. Another barrier could be that if their body strength to tolerate or accept the treatment is not strong enough then to doctor or physician could lead the patient to a different way to treat the condition(Berger,2006). Some early symptoms, if any, could consist of fatigue, depression, weight loss and loss of appetite, changing in memory or thought process and pain if present(healthinaging.org, 2018). Fatigue could be caused by various reasons like, the actual cancer cells, treatment, and stress. Depression could be caused from pain, it could be severe enough to slow down limitations to social life and even just the thought of having this said disease and people looking at you differently, causing you to think negatively about yourself. If you have changes in your cerebral cortex, could lead to being forgetful, having a hard time focusing, and you could have difficulty making plans and processing tasks(healthinaging.org, 2018). Trying to manage keeping your cerebral cortex task oriented and working can be a challenge if you are having such problems. Making sure you get enough sleep, keep to-do list regularly, always asking for help when you might need it, and writing down questions if no one is arou nd at the time and ask later could keep your cerebral cortex working. If you experience loss of appetite and possible weight loss, you want to have your healthcare provider and their team help you plan of meals, medications, and even physical exercise times and functions. Ways to solve having a better diet and managing weight loss could be eating smaller portions but more often, limiting your consumption of fatty foods, and if you are inflexible to changing those options your provider could recommend taking supplements. Experiencing pain during treatment or from the cells themselves can change levels each day and can will likely be experienced while having the condition. Keeping pain levels under control is one of the healthcare providers most important ambition. Cancer treatments for older adult individuals could be a single type of treatment or could be in alliance with other treatments. Many times, physicians will perform a treatment outcome assessment to determine how to treat each individual, knowing that all people are different, and each have to be treated in different ways. Most common options include, but not limited to, surgery, chemotherapy, target therapy, and/or radiation therapy. Surgery consist of removing the cancer cells and possibly other cells surrounding the site to make sure spreading of the cancer cells doesnt happen and can be done in a quicker time span than other therapies. As always negative risks and liabilities can occur during all surgery, it is especially significant in the elderly individuals because your body may not function as healthy as it did before and should always discuss the risks that could occur. Chemotherapy treatment is spread out through several weeks and possible months, because of the longevity a nd strength of the chemo it can cause elderly individuals to have a higher risk of negative side effect but could still have a positive outcome. Chemotherapy takes effect upon the entire body as a whole, and can cause problems with the nervous systems, cause the stomach and weight loss problems, and can cause your blood count to be off by being lower, increasing the risk for an infection. With older individuals more commonly known for taking other medications for other health circumstances, this type of medication could possibly cause a reaction or affect the way the chemotherapy is working and void what that specific medication in intended to treat. As for radiation therapy, it is usually used in conjunction with treatments like surgery and chemotherapy. Radiation therapy is intense energy that kills the cells, and is usually done externally, but can be done internally, known as brachytherapy, by placing radioactive material inside your tissue(Mayo Clinic, 2018). Always consider th e risk and benefits to this therapy like; cost, schedule because it requires treatment more often than chemotherapy, and keeping a healthy diet could help determine the consideration of radiation therapy. Through clinical trials doctors have begun including more elderly individuals in their trials because cancer is a rising condition in people ages sixty-five and older. The American Society of Clinical Oncology organized a trial named the Targeted Agent and Profiling Utilization Registry, TAPUR, which is a clinical trial for individuals with later stages of cancer. The drugs used in this trial are for treatment of certain types of cancers but might work in treating other cancers while treating the one its intended to treat. The target for Targeted Agent and Profiling Utilization Registry is to learn about and from prescribing practices and to educated oncologists about how to use these genomically target drugs(TAPUR,2018). Eligibility consist of advanced cancer, no longer benefiting from any other treatment and being healthy enough to participate. At excessive doses of the therapy, radiation can kill cancer or at least slow down the growth by deteriorating them. Deteriorating them can cause the cells to quit dividing and/or eventually die off and can then be removed by the body. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are not the cure for cancer but has been the most successful treatment to date. Although nothing can assure your recovery outcome, most patients will be advised by their physicians them to use the statement in remission instead of being cured. There are multiple federal and state funding programs that will assist in financial barriers that individuals and their families could face. You can have insurance and still apply for government assistance for treatments, but there are certain eligibility requirements you have retain for each funding program. Some of the nonprofit organizations include CancerCare, Good Days, National Organization for Rare Disorders along with others, and they often times will pay for the copay and deductibles and could possible pay for cost of certain medications and treatment(Financial Assistance for Cancer Patients, 2018). Analysis of local solutions: Hope Cancer Resources mission is to provide compassionate, professional cancer support and education in the Northwest Arkansas region today and tomorrow. There vision is to provide hope and enhance quality of life by expanding prevention, wellness and comprehensive cancer support services in our region. They have extraordinarily high licensed oncology social workers, along with a Spanish interpreter to help broaden the amount of people that can come through and receive help from Hope Cancer Resources. There population includes all ages but have a focus in the elder population ages sixty-five and older. There are transportation services provided that can get patients to and from their appointments. Their biggest drawback is transportation, because while they do provide this service, they do not allow wheelchairs or family to ride along with them. With cancer lowering your strength and physical capabilities most will have a wheelchair and need assistance. Hope Cancer Resources is one o f the governments funded nonprofit in northwest Arkansas, and do not require any client fees and is solely ran off of donations and government grants. Their goal with financial assistance is to alleviate the financial stress of cancer for patients and their families. They offer financial assistance to cater to all individuals needs such as; gas cards and everyday living expenses along with funding for medications and nutritional supplements if needed. They provide counseling sessions that aid in emotional support and can include individual, couples, and family sessions. Hope Cancer Resources provides free cancer screening and prevention education, which includes; education for tobacco cessation and prevention. Along with these services they recently launched their wellness center in hopes to promote wellness and healthy living by helping to increase the quality of life of the patients and their caregivers. Conclusion: In conclusion, cancer will always be a negative diagnosis and disease until there is cure, and even then, cancer will still need to be treated. Cancer is the second highest cause of death in elder, ages sixty-five and older, and needs to be treated differently on each individual. Although now cancer is not considered to be a terminal disease any longer it is still a disease that needs to be treated and especially in elder with their systems weakening as they age. There are multiple routes a person can take to treat whichever kind of cancer they have, but it is not said which treatment is more effective than the other. All of the therapies are said to have positive effects with minimal side effects, but still some side effects could be present. Recommendations for change in the increasing number of people with cancer would be to include free screenings every year after the age of fifty. Having free screenings would encourage more individuals to get the testing and would more likely be able to detect it in the early stages. New solutions would be to find a cure for cancer, and to make it available for everyone to receive that treatment if needed. The next step everyone should take is to get screenings done more often which would in turn decrease the rise in the population of positive cancer testing. With Hope Cancer Resources being located here in the Northwest Arkansas area, it makes getting screened and test an easy access with no barriers holding you back if you live in the area.

How Children Being Bullied Can Not Only Affect Them

When one thinks of bullying, they usually associated it with the phrase, â€Å"Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me† those â€Å"sticks and stones† may not only just break those bones, but can undoubtedly leave a lasting impact on a person and make those hateful words and actions hurt that much more to a point that the person would not know how to deal with them. Bullying has become a problematic issue in today’s society, especially where school age children is concerned. Bullies alternative motive too often is to attack those who seem to be more vulnerable, or weaker than any other person. The reason for this is because the one that is doing the bullying knows that person to whom they are bullying, will never anything†¦show more content†¦It is a problematic phenomenon that affects many school age children that has taken refuge is some, if not all class rooms in the United States and also on some other continents around the world. (Salmivalli Voeten, 2004). The first is taking a look at how attitude and behavior affects children and plays a role in bullying. In preadolescent to adolescent years when bullying first occurs, their attitudes and behaviors are mixed. The majority of these age group children are opposed to bullying. In fact, many feel that bullying is just a wrong thing all together (Salmivalli Voeten, 2004). Many children behaviors toward bullying will have different outcomes. Many children will become to be known as bystanders or saviors, these children usually fall into the 20% or below category. These children will not become involved in the situation if they witness bullying taking place or will turn their head to it all together, but most of the children within this group will actually define or stand up against bullying while most other children behaviors in this age group, about 20% to 30%, will actually encourage the bullies and their behavior. Many will automatically will become helpers or enforcers to the ones to whom are doing the bullying. (Salmivalli Voeten, 2004). Gender can

Midterm Review - 1485 Words

Interactive Management Science MSamp;E 107/207, Midterm Review The Flaw of the Averages Mindle 1 / Uncertainty vs. Risk * Risk is in the eye of the beholder * Risk reflects how uncertain outcomes cause loss or injury to a particular individual or group * Risk attitude measures the willigness to incur risk in the quest of reward * Different risks to the same uncertainty Mindle 2 / An uncertain number is a shape * A distribution * â€Å"Uncertain numbers† * Risk is subjective * Give-me-a-number mentality * Management of uncertainty: â€Å"Commitment to trade short-term rewards for long-term gains† * Flat Shape * To display a distribution: a histogram * Other important shape: cumulative†¦show more content†¦Because squared units are not intuitive, we square root the variance, known as the standard deviation. Diversification and Variance Reduction When uncertain numbers are averaged together, the distribution of the average goes up in the middle and down on the ends, becoming more centralized. This centralizing of the distribution is the primary manifestation of diversification. The width or narrowness of a distribution defines the range of uncertainty of the number. The wider the distribution, the greater the variance, standard deviation and uncertainty. The Central Limit Theorem â€Å"If enough independent samples of almost any distribution are averaged together, then the resulting distribution will be normal†. The Normal Distribution The normal distribution is an idealization of the result of averaging a large number of identical, independent random variables. They are centered at their mean or average. Their width is measured by the standard deviation, or the square root of the variance. Chapter 3 One of the worst things that you can do: â€Å"Using point estimates, single points * Gen_Resample / pg. 61 * Gen_Triang / pg.61 How to use freeze amp; thaw, when you send a document with XLSim Average overall cost is not the cost associated with average demand * Worksheet models based on uncertain numbers: Functions of randomShow MoreRelatedMidterm Review Essay963 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ MComm100†©Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ©Mass†©Communication†©in†©Society†© Midterm†©Review†©Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ©12th†©Ed†© (Chapters†©1†©Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ ©9)†© †© Understand†©the†©definition†©of†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœencoding’†© What†©is†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœnegative†©feedback’?†© Characteristics†©of†©a†©mass†©communication†©audience†© What†©is†©a†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmedia†©vehicle’?†© Characteristics†©of†©mass†©communication†©organizations†© What†©vehicles†©have†©increased†©the†©mobility†©of†©the†©mass†©mediaRead MoreMidterm Review2002 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿The Federal Circuit Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. Claims Court. True Which of the following terms best describes the decision reached by an arbitrator? Award The dispute resolution method that is most likely to be used by a regulatory agency to negotiate the provisions of the regulations with the interested groups so that there is less likelihood of a challenge once the regulations are promulgated is: regulatory negotiation With reference to the federal governmentRead MoreReview for Midterm I1634 Words   |  7 PagesCalifornia State University –Fullerton Econ 201- Review for Midterm I Dr. El Hag- Spring 2010 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____1.The slope of a line that passes through the points (10, 15) and (20, 7) is a. | -5/4. | b. | -4/5. | c. | 4/5. | d. | 5/4. | ____2.If Shawn can produce more donuts in one day than Sue can produce in one day, then a. | Shawn has a comparative advantageRead MoreGeology Midterm Review2404 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction to Geology GEOL-101 Midterm 1 Review Based on the textbook: Understanding Earth, 6th Edition, by Grotzinger and Press CH 1: earth system Summary The human creative process, field and lab observations, and experiments help geoscientists formulate testable hypotheses (models) for how the Earth works and its history. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation focusing attention on plausible features and relationships of a working model. If a testable hypothesis is confirmed by a large Read MoreMidterm Review Bio1291 Words   |  6 PagesBiology Final Exam Review Sheet a) The identity of each element is defined by the number of protons in its nucleus a. The physical and chemical properties of each element are defined by: i. Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus ii. Number of electrons orbiting the nucleus Proton = mass of one a positive charge Neutron = mass of one and no charge Electron = negligible mass and a negative charge Isotopes of an element a) Isotopes are different forms of the same element a.Read MoreMidterm Review Essay9272 Words   |  38 PagesChapter 16 1.) All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT: Question options: | a) | availability of capital for investment. | | b) | a growing supply of labor. | | c) | abundant natural resources. | | d) | low tariffs. | | e) | federal land grants to railroads. | | | 1 / 1 point | 2.) By 1890, the majority of Americans: Question options: | a) | worked as farmers. | | b) | worked as independent craftsmenRead MoreEssay on Midterm Exam ( Review)1542 Words   |  7 PagesExam Review 1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Each of the following functions are within the framework for Human Resources Management EXCEPT: a. recruitment and selection. b. training and development. c. employee relations. d. employee discipline. 2. Which of the following is NOT a primary impact that technology has had on HRM? a. It has improved the processes of internal and external communications. b. It has altered the methodsRead MoreUs History Midterm Review777 Words   |  4 PagesUS History Midterm Study Guide General Government: 1. What were the Articles of Confederation? 2. Explain the roles of the three branches of the US government play? 3. Explain the political concept of Federalism 4. Be able to differentiate between Dual Federalism Cooperative Federalism (cake?) 5. What purpose does the Bill of Rights serve? 6. Identify the two houses of Congress and the term length of each. 7. What percentage of Congress has to vote to override a vetoRead MoreMidterm Review Questions Set 11481 Words   |  6 PagesREVIEW QUESTION SET #1 FOR THE MIDTERM EXAM QUESTION 1 (PRODUCTIVITY) ElectroPlus manufactures electronic components. It has recorded data for the last three years as shown in the table below. ElectroPlus Productivity Data (in millions of dollars) 2009 2010 2011 Sales 220 258 248 Materials 124 146 142 Labor 56 66 56 Overhead 16 24 20 a) Calculate a measure of labor productivity for each year and comment on the pattern. b) Calculate a measure of multifactor productivity for each year usingRead MorePsci 231 Midterm Review2130 Words   |  9 PagesSection One: 1. What is, â€Å"Utilitarianism† and why is it important to the study of businessgovernment relations? Utilitarianism is a usually described as the greatest happiness for the greatest number. It reflects the action that produces the most happiness for people; meaning that an action is good if it produces a higher ultility of happiness. The thoery treats all members of a society equally, balances the inequalities in wealth between rich and poor people and justifies human acts. For example

Nursing Hospital Administrator

Question: Discuss how you as a hospital administrator participate in the planning of a new hospital in an area servicing a population of 100,000 incorporating all the related aspects required of a hospital. Answer: Introduction This assignment aims to participate as a hospital administrator in the planning of a new hospital in an area servicing a population of 100,000 incorporating all the related aspects required of a hospital. In the present scenario, the patients know more and are well informed regarding the services of healthcare. Moreover, they want to be involved in the processes of medical care. This is the reason that they choose their doctor, make their individual decisions, and select hospital according to their own desire and convenience. More precisely, they demand care that is of a superior quality and a reasonable price. Today, the costs of healthcare are rising considerably. That is mainly due to the remarkable advances that have appeared in the equipment, technology and treatment. The individuals are glad that advanced treatment is currently available for different types of health problems. It is also apparent that when it comes to health and safety, cost is not an issue (Tompkins et al., 2010). That is specifically why individuals opt for good hospitals that encompass experienced doctors, advanced equipments and variety of services under a single roof along with overall quality care together with polite and helpful staff. The initial and necessary step to accomplish all these purposes involves a hospital, which is well planned and well designed. Constructing well-organized, efficient and cost-effective hospitals is the necessity of the present day (Carpman Grant, 2016). Concept of Planning In order to establish hospital, the initial step is forever a vision or a thought arriving in the mind of a person. The hospitals, which are successful, without exception, are constructed with the help of a good planning, design, and construction along with a good administration. The achievement of a hospital is usually measured by the excellence of patient care it offers and the effectiveness with which it work (Birnbach et al., 2010). In order to be successful, an enormous deal of planning and preliminary study is required for the construction of a hospital and must keep the following things in consideration: A new hospital must be designed in such a way that it meet the requirements of the individuals it aims to serve. It should be staffed with experienced and sufficient number of competent doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals. The promoters must be attentive and assume responsibility for the construction of well-planned and well-designed hospitals that are proficient, efficient and cost-effective so that they will deliver quality and sufficient care to the population they serve (Jones, 2011). Guiding Principles for planning the facilities and services of a hospital 1. High quality care of the patients The high quality care of the patients can be achieved by the following: Appointing experienced and sufficient number of medical, nursing and other members of staff and offering essential facilities, equipment together with services of support. Establishing an organizational structure in which clearly defined responsibility and authority are assigned to every job, mainly jobs associated with the care of the patient. Medical staff should interact with each other and with the other professionals of healthcare. Continuous review of patient care Establishment and enforcement of standards in the patient care (Thompson et al., 2011). 2. Efficient community orientation Efficient community orientation can be achieved by the following: Governing board in which there are known and esteemed community leaders Extending programs and services of the hospital to the communities Ensuring the participation of the hospital in the programs of community, prevention of care , teaching of a good quality of healthcare along with the practice. Doctors, hospital administrators should provide assistance in the process of planning and implementation of community healthcare programs A public information program should be provided (Jrgensen, 2012). 3. Economic viability Economic viability can be realized by the following: Understanding the responsibility and accountability for a strong and feasible fiscal position, that will command the respect as well as confidence of the donors, investors and the community. A clear program for attracting and retaining experienced and enthusiastic nurses, physicians and other professionals in healthcare setting (Mestre et al., 2015). Sound Architectural Plans This can be accomplished by the following: Engaging early in the stage of planning a experienced architect who posses experience in designing and construction of the hospital Selecting a location that is easily available to population concentration, water, public transport, sewerage lines etc. and is large enough to meet the existing and expected needs and demands for road, access parking and future expansion Determining hospital size that is sufficient for diverse services, administrative as well as functional necessities of departments together with treatment and care of the patient Recognizing the significance of setting up of traffic patterns for movement of doctors, , patients, hospital staff, visitors, and effective transportation of drugs, food, linen and other supplies A plan that will avoid repetition of services Awareness to special services such as intensive care, operating rooms, obstetrics, outpatient, surgical and medical specialties together with the concepts of infection control and disaster planning (Bachouch et al., 2012). Conceptual and Basic Design The generations of ideas at the stage of conceptual study are translated into outlines, taking cognizance of every design criteria, in line with functional as well as spatial programs (Nguyen et al., 2014). Engineering Design Design detailing facilitates its analysis from the principles of basic engineering i.e. Specific requirement such as floor strength for medical equipment, optimized construction grids, elevators and openings are taken into account by civil design. All necessary services of drainage, ventilation water supply, fire fighting and air-conditioning systems are considered by the mechanical design. Cognizance of low and high voltage systems, fire-detection systems, emergency power supplies, telephone and padding systems and elevator control under electrical design IT consideration enables incorporation of state-of the art features into the system Waste management takes cognizance of potential quantum of wastes and incorporates suitable collection as well as storages, treatment and systems of disposal (Thompson McKee, 2011). Planning of equipments The selection of different types of equipments i.e. medical and clinical services in a variety of specialties, services associated with clinical support such as blood bank, and laboratories has significant bearing on every feature of engineering design. The particular concern is, the actual support services together with the Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD), kitchen, laundry etc., given to prepare schedule of equipments according to the type of departments, organizing its logistics and planning the procedures of installation, testing and commissioning (Wurzer, 2013). Suppositions for building a Hospital for the next generation Alteration has become consistent in our surroundings and the rate of alteration is increasing, formulating the future more complex and difficult to predict The existing system of healthcare-operationally as well as economically is not sustainable and this constructs a mandate for alteration Noteworthy change or alteration will be essential. Incremental solutions would not bring about transformational change or alteration (Adida et al., 2011). Due to the existing condition of healthcare and the mandate for alteration, a riskier environment of making decisions subsists. Consequently, there is an insight that maintaining the status would minimize risk. Features of transformational alteration will encompass the following: Inclusivity and a requirement to look for contribution from thought of the future-oriented leaders and experts of processes. Incorporation that connect all constituents of the organization An approach based on a system and an incorporated plan to get outcomes. Accomplishment of goals exhibited by constructive and measurable outcomes The process of shifting towards a new state of the future would be evolutionarily; ultimately constructing an environment in which change or alteration is constantly embraced (Persson Persson, 2010). The process of planning for any project is as significant as the ultimate outcome due to the reason it by means of the process that buy-in to solutions is accomplished. Planning is lively in nature and it is based on the science of complex adaptive systems (CAS). The process of planning for a project of building a hospital offers a remarkable opportunity to cause transformational alteration or change to the stage from which the healthcare business is delivered (Hick et al., 2011). An effectual process of planning will direct to the environments or surroundings are: Competent and efficient Patient as well s family focused Flexible and adjustable Methods of planning and design Planning team and the process Team for assessment of needs The process of planning and design can be envisioned with the interaction of different groups of individual associated with the process (Elf et al., 2015). At the earliest stage, it requires an assessment team concerning the planners together with the end users like the staff of the hospital and the community ascertains an overall plan concerning the requirements, variety of services to be offered, the catchment area or the target population, the monetary viability of the project with the analysis of cost benefit and the scale of the hospital (Abdelaziz Masmoudi, 2012). Briefing team After the assessment of needs and the hospital size have been established, the briefing team consisting of engineers, architects, the staff members and the community sit together for the preparation of the key document or manuscript i.e., the brief design. It is concerned with the translation of requirements into activities, functions, distribution of space and any other information essential for the design (Carpman Grant, 2016). Design Team The team for designing consists of all the individuals involved to design the facilities, the members for producing the instruments for implementation of building, starting from initial analysis to the concluding designs with methodological specification, tendering manuscripts ort documents and comprehensive drawings of working together with the estimation of expenditure. This team primarily encompasses architects, engineers, surveyors, and staff of the hospital, the approving authority and the community (Ellen et al., 013). Construction team The team for construction comprises of architects, builders and engineers. This team executes the designs from the drawings that are approved along with the technical specifications within the given time as well as cost and create surface facility for commissioning leads to severe complications when they are not treated (Bines Jamieson, 2013). Commissioning team This team is responsible to hospital staff, commissions, obtains the furniture, equipments, and prepares them for their operation (Zilm, 2010). Planning team A large number of individuals would have given their input to the project as part of a team working as a whole together with the community by the end of the project. - The contractor/builder constructs the hospital in is physical appearance utilizing labor, materials and the equipments of construction - The procurement of members of staff together with the workforce forms part of the commissioning team, which is, concerned with the preparation of hospital for operation by the procurement of material as well the recruiting staff (Bines Jamieson, 2013). Roles of the team members In all the stages that are involved with the process of planning and design, each team member possesses the following roles: The health planner ascertains the requirements of the hospital, its responsibility with respect to the community along with the services it will provide. The functional planner ascertains the performance of various departments as well as the hospital. The financial planner ascertains the financial viability in terms of the project and is also responsible for the identification and allocation of funds associated with the project. The physical planner ascertains the association of the hospital with the town and the group of people it serves. The architect and the consultants of engineering offer proficient planning, design as well as management of the process of construction. The construction manager supervises the individuals and resources on location to make sure that the completion of project is within the stipulated time and budget. The user/client is the possessor and final user of the newly constructed hospital (Keys, 2016). Factors to be considered in locating a hospital The hospital should be within 20-30 minutes travelling time. In a district having good roads and sufficient transport facilities, this would indicate a zone of service with a radius of about 26 km. It should be linked with other institutional amenities like religious, tribal, educational and commercial centers. It must be free from the risks of water logging; hence, it must not be constructed at the lowest district points. It should be constructed in an area, which is free from any type of pollution, including water, air, land and noise pollution. It must be equipped with public utilities: electricity, water, telephone, disposal bins etc. In those areas in which these types of utilities are not available, the availability of substitutes must be established such as generators for current or electricity, deep well for obtaining water and radio communication in place of telephone (Arnolds Nickel, 2013). Criteria for Site Selection A coherent, step-by step process of selecting a site takes place only in ideal conditions. In a number of areas, site availability prevails over other logical reasons for its selection, and the arid architects of the planner are confronted with the work of reviewing whether a plot of land is suitable for constructing a hospital. In the situation of either selecting a site or evaluating adaptableness, the following things must be taken into consideration: topography, soil conditions, availability of utilities, natural calamities and limitations (Elf et al., 2015). Size of the Location The location in which the hospital is to constructed must be large enough for each of the planned requirements to be met and for some extensions envisaged within the future years. The hospitals in which there are around 150 beds must have single-storey construction if other parameters state that they must be constructed with multi-storey buildings (Escobar-Rodriguez et al., 2014). Topography It is concerned with the determination of form and space. It is easy as well as least expensive to construct a building on a flat terrain. It is difficult to construct on a sloping or rolling terrain and expensive too, but the outcome can be innovative an interesting; by utilizing the natural ground slope, the systems for disposal and drainage can be designed in an attempt to lower the costs of construction and maintenance (GneÃ…Å ¸ et al., 2014). Drainage The land must allow the uncomplicated movement of water distant from the location. A high community point is considered ideal. If in case it is not available and the location is at a point which is low, the following things must be assessed: - How the surrounding land and water channels can be utilized to shift water away from the location. - Whether the soil type permits the speedy absorption as well as disposal of water -The usage of additional technical means of making sure the drainage like the construction on platform or on stilts, or excavating temporary reservoirs At the time of deciding the level of ground floor of the buildings, it is necessary to protect against the impermanent flooding after a heavy downpour. The areas that are prone to usual flooding, it is essential to raise a ground floor, which permits for probable peak floods (Ribeiro et al., 2012). Conditions of Soil The conditions of soil assist in the determination of schemes of foundation. Preferably, the subsoil should be of a type on which conventional, economical structural design and schemes of foundation can be utilized. It is recommended to avoid swamps, water logged areas and former paddy fields (Copas et al., 2015). Utilities available The facilities of water, electricity and communication should be available. The areas in which these types of utilities are not available, the availability of substitutes must be established such as generators for current or electricity, deep well for obtaining water and radio communication in place of telephone. The facilities of healthcare are moderately ineffective in the absence of all of these facilities at the site in which the hospital is to be constructed (Buffoli et al., 2012). Limitations However, the site may be satisfactory in all the aspects, but it must be verified for potential constraints to its utilization: Does it possess a direct access from the road? Is it a contiguous piece with appropriate titles of ownership? The problems of ownership that are not solved can limit the complete use of a site. The sites having the issues of ownership must not be utilized (Van Dam, 2015). Master planning The master plan concerning a hospital is the foundation for the present as well as future decisions regarding the outline of the buildings together with the services, alterations in requirements as well as phasing (Hulley et al., 2013). It signifies the grouping and phasing of individual constructions and the modes of communication between them, the range and location of conveniences that are essential at different phases as well as directions and restrictions of possible expansion of future or modification of the hospital. Any error in placing constructions, sewer points, and access roads, facilities of parking and entry points on the location can limit opportunities of growth (Djalali et al., 2012). The engineering and architectural attributes of the project are developed within the master plan based on: Grouping major purposes such as medical services, wards, central supplies and admissions Establishing a suitable route of access foe uncomplicated orientation of visitors and patients, with particular emphasis on the individuals who are disabled. Offering scope for expansion of future, to deal with supplementary functions, increased number of beds and medical expertise, by making sure maximum communication between the different units of the hospital and services of support (Roy et al., 2012). The master plan encompasses two components: Determination of routes of circulation as well as corridor systems Location of components on the site with respect to one another The routes of circulation along with the corridor systems must be designed in such a way that the users can discover their way with least complexity (Broberg Edwards, 2012).The main loop of circulation must be apparent and the pecking order of secondary routes that consecutively break into negligible interchange paths must match with the hierarchy of the different units of the hospital they serve. The target of design should be simplicity; this lessens the needs for signs and enhances the quality of service. The positioning of elements together with the departments on a location should result in a most favorable interrelationship between the departments and offer space for expansion (Hulley et al., 2013). Zoning of elements on a site The departments that are closely associated with the community should be nearby to the main entrance: administration, emergency, outpatient department, family planning clinic and other supports of primary healthcare. The departments that receive pressure of work should be next contiguous to the main entrance: dispensary, X-ray, laboratories. In the interior zones or wards, in-patient departments should be constructed The nursery and delivery department must be separated from the operation theatre The areas of domestic service and housekeeping should be grouped in the area of service yard: Kitchen, laundry, maintenance, housekeeping, motor pool and storage. The staff facilities should be positioned on the outside edge next to public transport and roads: housing or quarters, staff dormitories. If there are any teaching facilities, it should be near to staff facilities as well as teaching areas and to public transport and roads; Training and educational components associated with primary health care, student areas. The mortuary should be in a special service yard having a cautious entrance and it should be distant from the nursery, ward block and out-patient department (Yousapronpaiboon C. Johnson, 2013). Departmental Planning and Design This segment deals with the common principles associated with planning and design. The comprehensive design should encompass an inclusive plan of accommodation of all the departments and should affirm the requirements of functional planning for all the activities to be carried out in each space (Frst, 2016). The different departments of the hospital can be grouped as follows: Outpatient department The design of this department of the hospital depends on the availability of medical staff for consultation, scheduling of consultations, the number of referrals from general units of health and general practitioners together with the tendency of the individuals to go the hospital. It may also be affected by the availability of the visiting doctors or more precisely specialists from a local base hospital, which may conduct expert clinics from time to time before a specialist refers a patient for the treatment (Hernndez-vila et al., 2013). The fundamental requirements of this department are uncomplicated and few: Waiting areas and reception Examination rooms Consultation rooms Treatment rooms Areas for staff and supplies Emergency Department This is a fast-paced department and requires a huge area, which is flexible and could be transformed into private areas when essential, typically by the usage of curtains on track around demarcated spaces. It is essential that the necessities for movement within the emergency department permit for variability, with speedy access to the X-ray, operating and other departments Kennerley de Waal, 2013). Due to the nature of the emergencies, it is suggested that if resources are accessible, beds be gathered and dutiful to specific kinds of cases of emergencies. Trauma and accident, fracture, pediatrics, gynecology and obstetrics cases need different procedures for administration and dealing with an emergency (Broberg Edwards, 2012). Administration block The administrative department is public-oriented but at the same time, it is private. Areas for accounting, business, cashiers, records and auditing, which have a practical relationship with the community, must be positioned near the main entrance of the hospital. However, the management Offices of the hospital can be located in the private areas (Conejos, 2013). Medical Record Room Well-maintained medical records are an important and crucial part of a proficient system of hospital. Every country has its individual legal requirement concerning the duration for which ten records should be maintained by the hospital. If it is feasible, there should be a creation of a full-scale computerized data bank in which all data associated with the patients of the hospital are maintained. This allows the speedy access to the previous records of the hospital in a database making the information obtainable for statistical utilization in research into the planning and design of the hospital, community health, planning of services of ambulance and use of drug. If the staffs of the hospital manually handle the medical records, sufficient space must be obtainable so that they can be preserved for the needed time (Ellen et al., 2013). This space should be present in an area that ensures that the records are not to be disclosed by any chance or until it is mandatory to do so. The be st site or location for constructing a medical record room is immediately nearby to the Admitting section for easiness of record filing of new patients and for the easiness of retrieving the records of the patients who are admitted more than once (Kennerley de Waal, 2013). Department for Radiology and imaging This department is concerned with diagnostic imaging. It is different from the departments in which radiation oncology and radiotherapy are performed. Units of X-ray, radionuclide and ultrasound scanners provide diagnostic radiology or diagnostic imaging (Turner, 2014). Laboratory services The modern medicine is more dependent on the services of the laboratory for the diagnosis, control and prevention of diseases. A central role is played by the pathology laboratories in the hospital and in the services that are associated with community health. Every hospital must comprise of a laboratory service under the supervision of a pathologist who is medically qualified (Andrade et al., 2012). An inclusive laboratory should encompass the following sections: Microbiology Hematology Morbid anatomy Clinical pathology (Titzer et al., 2014). Pharmacy The patients, particularly the outpatients can obtain drugs from the private pharmacies, if essential with the prescription of a physician. However, in several districts the hospital is the main source of obtaining the drugs in addition to the primary health centers. The staff of the pharmacy by taking advice from the physician would plan the selection and procurement of drugs that are not encompassed in the hospitals standard provision (Mestre et al., 2012). Blood bank The hospital should be provided with sufficient blood bank and particular consideration should be emphasized on the storage of blood in an appropriate manner. After correct testing procedures the supply of blood should be carried out from a centre of blood transfusion (Carpman Grant, 2016). Sterilization unit It is simple to arrange a separate unit for sterilization in the hospital. However, it is necessary to ensure that all equipments, dressings and instruments that come in association with the tissues of the patients are sterile (Adida et al., 2011). Operation theatre The design of operation theatres has turn out to be increasingly complex. The number of operation theatres required is apparently associated with the number of beds in the hospital. As a common rule, one operation theatre is needed for every fifty patients in general wards and for every twenty-five surgical beds (Thompson McKee, 2011). Intensive care unit This unit is for those patients who are seriously ill and require constant medical attention. Together with extremely specialized equipments that are intended to support breathing, control bleeding, toxemia and to prevent the patients from shock. This unit needs several services of engineering, in the form of medical gases, compressed air as well as power sources and a controlled environment. It is advised to locate this unit next to recovery room (Wurzer, 2013). Risks, Emergencies and Disasters The following three concepts should be taken into consideration in this process: It is necessary to prevent the problems through prior planning so that there is no need to give response to the problems as well as the events as they occur. It is vital that the investment of resources should take place in plans, individuals together with organizations to manage the risks before they turn out into disasters or emergencies. This expenditure can be significantly reduced if prevention and risk management is included at the early stages of development. If all the construction and plans take the hazards and risks into consideration, the additional cost of risk management will be small (Hulley et al., 2013). The range of probable risks that are faced by a facility and the variety of ways to deal with those risks is such that it is good to engage comprehensive knowledge and skills as probable to ensure an inclusive identification of risks or threats. An extensively based participation would stimulate a sense of possession or ownership in terms of the plans that are developed to deal with the potential risks. While dealing with the internal as well as external sources of risk, the group of individuals involved must differ accordingly. Those concerned with the internal consultation may be physicians, nursing professional and other staff of the hospital. Externally, the group of individuals and communities will depend on the local circumstances and situations that surround the facility. Similar to the building of a community, a hospital is a facility that has several stakeholders in its future. These are the individuals, who aspire to observe it and several of them may desire to participate to ensure the best performance in the future. For ensuring the cooperation as well as understanding of each aspect of risk and planning, there must be a majority of these groups representing the possibility of the process of planning (Ellen et al., 2013). Quantitative evaluations possess a tendency of neglecting the reality that emergencies, risks and disasters are societal issues, not simply a component of figures and costs. Qualitative explanation directs more willingly to flexible and dynamic solutions and remedies to decrease the impact of an emergency, disaster or risk. In addition, there are different problems in the estimation of numbers to the subjects that are not effortlessly appreciated. There could be an inapt flexibility for making decisions on extremely vague data. These assessments hardly ever respond to the problems or assist in deciding the actions that are needed to be taken (Ribeiro et al., 2012). Conclusion In the end, it can be concluded that the processes and roles should be clearly defined before the beginning of operational and facility planning of a new hospital as it will serve as a path for designing and implementation. Today, the costs of healthcare are rising significantly. That is mainly due to the noteworthy advances that have appeared in the equipment, technology and treatment. The individuals are happy that advanced treatment is at present available for different types of health problems. It is also evident that when it comes to health and safety, cost is not an issue. The stakeholders concerned with the design and construction of new facilities should have a shared understanding of each other respective language. The definition of common concepts is needed to reduce individual interpretation. The facility designs and operations must be equally supportive. The idea regarding the method of delivering care notifies operational planning. The design of a good facility enables t he plan of operation and supports the notion of care delivery. The external/internal policies as well as regulations must be influenced to promote development, mutual growth, progress and quality in patient care. The existing facilities must be optimized prior to embarking on constructing a new facility. Constant scanning of the environment or surrounding will recognize future trends that would create an impact on the project/processes. The trends can be integrated when probable and suitable, thus offering possible improvements in the care of the patients. Sufficient financial support should be integrated in the budget of the project along with time line. The priorities for the organization of the hospital should be based on the extensive strategic plan. Hence, by taking into consideration all these aspects, the individuals can integrate their knowledge on the planning of hospital and its related services in an efficient manner. References Abdelaziz, F. B., Masmoudi, M. (2012). A multiobjective stochastic program for hospital bed planning.Journal of the Operational Research Society,63(4), 530-538. Adida, E., DeLaurentis, P. C. C., Lawley, M. A. (2011). Hospital stockpiling for disaster planning.IIE Transactions,43(5), 348-362. Andrade, C., Lima, M. L., Fornara, F., Bonaiuto, M. (2012). Users' views of hospital environmental quality: Validation of the perceived hospital environment quality indicators (PHEQIs).Journal of environmental psychology,32(2), 97-111. Arnolds, I. V., Nickel, S. (2013). Multi-period layout planning for hospital wards.Socio-Economic Planning Sciences,47(3), 220-237. Bachouch, R. B., Guinet, A., Hajri-Gabouj, S. (2012). An integer linear model for hospital bed planning.International Journal of Production Economics,140(2), 833-843. Bines, J. E., Jamieson, P. (2013). Designing new collaborative learning spaces in clinical environments: experiences from a childrens hospital in Australia.Journal of interprofessional care,27(sup2), 63-68. Bines, J. E., Jamieson, P. (2013). Designing new collaborative learning spaces in clinical environments: experiences from a childrens hospital in Australia.Journal of interprofessional care,27(sup2), 63-68. Birnbach, D. J., Nevo, I., Scheinman, S. R., Fitzpatrick, M., Shekhter, I., Lombard, J. L. (2010). Patient safety begins with proper planning: a quantitative method to improve hospital design.Quality and Safety in Health Care,19(5), 462-465. Broberg, O., Edwards, K. (2012). User-driven innovation of an outpatient department.Work,41(Supplement 1), 101-106. Buffoli, M., Nachiero, D., Capolongo, S. (2012). Flexible healthcare structures: analysis and evaluation of possible strategies and technologies.Ann Ig,24(6), 543-52. Carpman, J. R., Grant, M. A. (2016).Design that cares: Planning health facilities for patients and visitors(Vol. 142). John Wiley Sons. Carpman, J. R., Grant, M. A. (2016).Design that cares: Planning health facilities for patients and visitors(Vol. 142). John Wiley Sons. Conejos, S. (2013). Designing for future building adaptive reuse. Copas, A. J., Lewis, J. J., Thompson, J. A., Davey, C., Baio, G., Hargreaves, J. R. (2015). Designing a stepped wedge trial: three main designs, carry-over effects and randomisation approaches.Trials,16(1), 1. Djalali, A., Castren, M., Hosseinijenab, V., Khatib, M., Ohlen, G., Kurland, L. (2012). Hospital incident command system (HICS) performance in Iran; decision making during disasters.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine,20(1), 1. Elf, M., Frst, P., Lindahl, G., Wijk, H. (2015). Shared decision making in designing new healthcare environmentstime to begin improving quality.BMC health services research,15(1), 1. Ellen, J., Epstein, M., Strouse, T. (2013). Complete Self-Sufficiency Planning: Designing and Building Disaster-Ready Hospitals. Escobar-Rodriguez, T., Escobar-Prez, B., Monge-Lozano, P. (2014). Technical and organisational aspects in enterprise resource planning systems implementation: lessons from a Spanish public hospital.Enterprise Information Systems,8(5), 533-562. Frst, P. (2016). Administrative workplaces in healthcare: Designing an efficient and patient-focused environment.Journal of Hospital Administration,5(4), p68. GneÃ…Å ¸, E. D., Yaman, H., ekyay, B., Verter, V. (2014). Matching patient and physician preferences in designing a primary care facility network.Journal of the Operational Research Society,65(4), 483-496. Hernndez-vila, J. E., Palacio-Meja, L. S., Lara-Esqueda, A., Silvestre, E., Agudelo-Botero, M., Diana, M. L., ... Parbul, A. S. (2013). Assessing the process of designing and implementing electronic health records in a statewide public health system: the case of Colima, Mexico.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,20(2), 238-244. Hick, J. L., Weinstock, D. M., Coleman, C. N., Hanfling, D., Cantrill, S., Redlener, I., ... Knebel, A. R. (2011). Health care system planning for and response to a nuclear detonation.Disaster medicine and public health preparedness,5(S1), S73-S88. Hulley, S. B., Cummings, S. R., Browner, W. S., Grady, D. G., Newman, T. B. (2013).Designing clinical research. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Jones, R. (2011). Bed occupancy: the impact on hospital planning.British Journal of Healthcare Management,17(7), 307-313. Jrgensen, U. (2012). Design junctions: Spaces and situations that frame weak signalsthe example of hygiene and hospital planning.Futures,44(3), 240-247. Kennerley, D., de Waal, H. (2013). Workforce planning and development.Designing and Delivering Dementia Services, 215-228. Keys, C. (2016). Designing hospitals for Australian conditions: The Australian Inland Mission's cottage hospital, Adelaide House, 1926.The Journal of Architecture,21(1), 68-89. Mestre, A. M., Oliveira, M. D., Barbosa-Pvoa, A. (2012). Organizing hospitals into networks: a hierarchical and multiservice model to define location, supply and referrals in planned hospital systems.OR spectrum,34(2), 319-348. Mestre, A. M., Oliveira, M. D., Barbosa-Pvoa, A. P. (2015). Locationallocation approaches for hospital network planning under uncertainty.European Journal of Operational Research,240(3), 791-806. Nguyen, V. T., Sommer, A. F., Steger-Jensen, K., Hvolby, H. H. (2014, September). The misalignment between hospital planning frameworks and their planning environmentA conceptual matching approach. InIFIP International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems(pp. 675-682). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Persson, M. J., Persson, J. A. (2010). Analysing management policies for operating room planning using simulation.Health Care Management Science,13(2), 182-191. Ribeiro, P. F., Polinder, H., Verkerk, M. J. (2012). Planning and designing smart grids: philosophical considerations.IEEE Technology and Society Magazine,31(3), 34-43. Roy, R. N., Shrivastava, P., Das, D. K., Saha, I., Sarkar, A. P. (2012). Burden of hospitalized pediatric morbidity and utilization of beds in a tertiary care hospital of kolkata, India.Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive Social Medicine,37(4), 252. Thompson, C. R., McKee, M. (2011). An analysis of hospital capital planning and financing in three European countries: Using the principalagent approach to identify the potential for economic problems.Health policy,99(2), 158-166. Thompson, S. C., Shahid, S., Bessarab, D., Durey, A., Davidson, P. M. (2011). Not just bricks and mortar: planning hospital cancer services for Aboriginal people.BMC research notes,4(1), 62. Titzer, J. L., Shirey, M. R., Hauck, S. (2014). A nurse manager succession planning model with associated empirical outcomes.Journal of Nursing Administration,44(1), 37-46. Tompkins, J. A., White, J. A., Bozer, Y. A., Tanchoco, J. M. A. (2010).Facilities planning. John Wiley Sons. Turner, T. (2014).City as landscape: a post post-modern view of design and planning. Taylor Francis. Van Dam, E. (2015).Designing for patient experience in hospital architecture(Doctoral dissertation, TU Delft, Delft University of Technology). Wurzer, G. (2013). In-process agent simulation for early stages of hospital planning.Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems,19(4), 331-343. Yousapronpaiboon, K., C. Johnson, W. (2013). Measuring hospital out-patient service quality in Thailand.Leadership in health services,26(4), 338-355. Zilm, F. (2010). Designing for emergencies. Integrating operations and adverse-event planning.Health facilities management,23(11), 39-42.